Юридическая Под ред. Рыбина П.В. Юридический перевод. Учебное пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский

Юридический перевод. Учебное пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский

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Жанр: Юридическая
Издательство: Проспект
Дата размещения: 31.07.2018
ISBN: 9785392279128
Язык:
Объем текста: 431 стр.
Формат:
epub

Оглавление

Предисловие

Часть I. Основы теории и практики юридического перевода. Глава 1. Особенности юридического перевода

Глава 2. Этапы работы над письменным переводом специального текста

Часть II. Практикум. Урок 1. 2014 Willem С. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot. Урок 2. Solicitor’s Letter. Урок 3. New Issue. Урок 4. Power of Attorney

Урок 5. DNA Retention Under Review Ruling will prompt legislative change for DNA database. Урок 6. Rights Bullies Stifle Competition Law Commission consults on competition law reform. Урок 7. The Scope of IP Due Diligence. Урок 8. Contract: Boilerplate Clauses. Урок 9. Contract of Employment (Incorporating the Particulars of Employment as required by Section I of Employment Rights Act 1996)

Урок 10. Memorandum of Agreement. Урок 11. Law Reform (Year and a Day Rule) Act 1996 1996 Chapter 19. Урок 12. Payday Loan Firms to be Investigated by OFT. Урок 13. Shareholder Agreement. Урок 14. Articles of Association

Урок 15. Thermal Imaging. Урок 16. Legal Brief Franchise Contracts – Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz. Урок 17. Supreme Court Refuses to Hear Russia Case. Урок 18. The Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) – A Brief Guide. Урок 19. Morgan Lewis

Урок 20. Princeton. Урок 21. Is the US Class Action Coming to Europe?. Урок 22. Criminal Liability and Defences. Урок 23. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Proceedings. Урок 24. Term Loan

Урок 25. Covenants. Урок 26. Promissory Note. Урок 27. Security Agreement. Урок 28. US Civil Practice and Remedies Statute. Урок 29. Prosecuting Bankers. Blind Justice. Урок 30. Energy Law Overview

Часть III. Хрестоматия. Глава 1. Юридические документы

Глава 2. Научные тексты

Глава 3. Публицистические тексты

Часть IV. Параллельные тексты. Текст 1. Текст 2. Текст 3. Текст 4. Текст 5. Текст 6

Приложения. Приложение 1. Официально-деловой стиль. Особенности. Правила перевода. Приложение 2. Научный стиль. Особенности. Правила перевода. Приложение 3. Публицистический стиль. Особенности. Правила перевода



Для бесплатного чтения доступна только часть главы! Для чтения полной версии необходимо приобрести книгу



Глава 2.
Научные тексты


Текст 17


Promoters


Those who take the initiative to organise a business prior to formation of the corporation are called promoters. Generally, promoters coordinate compliance with the legal requirements necessary to form a corporation, secure capitalization, and work to assemble the resources and personnel the corporation needs. In doing so, promoters have fiduciary duties to act in good faith concerning the yet to be formed corporation, and are prohibited from pursuing their own profit at the corporation’s expense. If there are co-promoters, they owe each other a duty of full disclosure. Promoters are to be distinguished from incorporators whose role is largely limited to the act of execution of the charter, adopting the initial bylaws and designating the initial board of directors.


Naturally, the work of promoters requires them to enter into contracts with employees, landlords, suppliers, and others. As a general rule, promoters are personally liable for contracts which they enter into with knowledge that the corporation is not yet formed, and where the third party does not know that the corporation is not yet formed.


In most jurisdictions, preincorporation contracts are not automatically binding on the corporation when formed. Instead the corporation must either adopt or ratify the contracts by resolution, or by act or failure to act. Some jurisdictions apply a more stringent standard whereby the corporation may become a party only by entering into a new contract or a formal novation (a specific new agreement between the corporation, the promoter and the third party to release the promoter from liability).



Текст 18


Private versus Public Companies


The key distinction between a private company and a public company is that shares in a private company may not be offered to the public. Private companies constitute the vast majority of companies and may range from one-man ope­rations to sophisticated multi-national companies with a large number of shareholders. Also to be borne in mind is the close corporation (also closely-held corporation or close company or closed company) found in certain English-spea­king jurisdictions, which is similar to a private company in that the shares may not be offered to the public, but differs in that it is subject to a maximum number of shareholders. Often, all or most of the shareholders in a close corporation participate in the management of the company and set corporate policy. Indeed, small close corporations more closely resemble partnerships than corporations. In some jurisdictions, a corporation must meet statutory requirements to qualify as a close corporation and must explicitly elect to call itself a close corporation. Close corporations are often small in terms of assets and fewer formalities are required in the corporate structure.


Public companies (publicly held corporations) may offer their shares to the public. There are certain statutory requirements for a company to register as a public company, such as a higher minimum authorised share capital, and higher minimum number of directors and shareholders. A public company is also subject to further restrictions and accountability to shareholders. The advantage of being able to offer shares to the public is that it allows for an alternative source of equity finance and opportunities unavailable to a private company. A public company may go one step further and list its shares on a stock exchange. A listed company has an even larger and more accessible market on which the general public and financial institutions can buy and sell its shares. The public market for the shares may be a stock or other securities exchange or an over the counter (“OTC”) market among brokers. As a result of this public trading, public corporations are subject to stringent reporting and disclosure requirements under various securities regulations.


The key distinction between these corporate forms is the total number of shareholders and the existence of a public market for the shares. A disgruntled or dissatisfied shareholder in a public company may simply elect to sell its shares on a public market. Conversely, a shareholder in a private company may be contractually bound to sell its shares to other shareholders or simply have no other place to sell its shares except to other shareholders. This creates a number of problems, including the valuation of the shares. While public markets provide benchmarks for public companies, private companies often have no external measure by which to establish the value of shares. This can lead to situations in which minority shareholders are locked in to their investment as a result of not being able to sell the shares, and can subject minority shareholders to a squeeze out or freeze out, corporate actions which effectively force minority shareholders to sell their stake in the company.



Текст 19


The Principal Characteristics of a Company Limited by Shares


Essentially, a corporation is a legal construct that provides a framework for relationships between people for the purpose of conducting business. A distingui­shing characteristic of the corporate form is that it is a separate legal entity distinct from the shareholders. Having separate legal standing then, a corporation also has a number of powers such as the power to enter into contracts. Further, because a corporation is a separate entity which continues regardless of the death of shareholders or the transfer of shares, it is also said to be capable of perpetual existence.


The limited liability protection enjoyed by shareholders is one of the most important characteristics of a corporation. Unlike partners in a partnership, corporate shareholders are normally protected from personal liability arising from corporate debts or activities beyond their capital contributions. There are exceptions to this limited liability, however, and courts may pierce the corporate veil under certain exceptional circumstances and create personal liability to the shareholders. Also, in contrast to partnership law, corporate shareholders lack the power to unila­terally dissolve the company.


The corporate form is also characterized by freely transferable shares, together with its existence as a going concern. Corporations are generally taxed as separate legal entities as well and pay tax on business income often based on a separate corporate tax rate, while profits are generally distributed to shareholders and taxed at personal income tax rates. Corporations also feature a centralized management and control structure. These functions are vested in the board of directors and officers. Shareholders have only limited powers to participate in corporate management and control, but they may elect a board of directors. The board, in turn, appoints officers who manage day-to-day corporate affairs under the board’s authority.


Many experts say that the corporate legal fiction is the result of a concession from the state. As such, the state has a legitimate role in preventing certain corporate behaviour. For example, corporations have historically been compelled to comply with the jurisdiction’s corporation law in order to take advantage of the concession allowing them to conduct business as a fictitious entity with limited liability protection. Still others view corporations as founded in contract, where corporateness is derived from the corporate charter which represents a contract between the jurisdiction and the corporation or between the corporation and its shareholders, or among the shareholders. Alternatively, economists have developed an economic theory of corporation called the nexus of contracts which holds that shareholders are not the owners of the company, but instead, like bondholders or other guarantors of corporate debt, and other creditors, simply provide capital in anticipation of a return on their investment, while assuming the risk that revenues will be less than costs. This nexus of contractual relationships includes all agreements through which capital, managerial services, material, and labour are obtained by the company.


In some jurisdictions, a corporation is deemed to be a person under the law, but may not benefit from all the protections available to actual people. In determining jurisdiction for the purpose of litigation or law enforcement, a corporation may be deemed to be a resident of both the state of its incorporation as well as the state of its principal place of business or registered office if they are different.



Текст 20


Initial Public Offering


A means of raising capital for a company through equity finance, as opposed to debt finance, is for a company to issue shares and seek a listing for its shares on the stock market/exchange. A company whose shares are listed on a stock exchange is called a listed/quoted company. In addition to providing additional funds, a company may undertake an initial public offering (IPO) (or listing or flotation) in order to broaden the company’s investor base, which may result in further possibilities to raise finance in the future (for example, by a rights issue), to allow existing shareholders to realise the value of all or some of their investment by including their shares in any sale to the public, to make the company’s shares more marketable, and to enhance the company’s reputation.


An IPO occurs by the company offering shares to the public for the first time, either new shares or a combination of new and existing shares to subscribers. The company (or issuer) must comply with detailed requirements laid down by governmental agencies and/or the stock exchange, including the preparation and publication of a prospectus. The company is generally advised by an investment bank, which may act as sponsor. The investment bank may also underwrite the issue, meaning that, for a fee, they will subscribe for and/or buy any shares being offered which are not taken up by the public, and then in turn lay off part of the risk to sub-underwriters. Sometimes, an IPO will be oversubscribed, which means that applications for shares exceed the number of shares on offer.


In order to raise capital, a company may want to target specific investors rather than the public at large. In this case, it may undertake a placing (US: private placement), which is an offer of shares to a specific group of individuals, usually financial institutions.



Текст 21


Becoming a Shareholder


The first shareholders of a company on incorporation are the subscribers. New shares are allotted/issued by the board of directors, if it has the authority to do so, and existing shares are transferred by current shareholders to other shareholders or third parties, subject to any restrictions imposed by the bylaws and the shareholders’ agreement, if any. In many jurisdictions, the current shareholder (or transferor) is required to execute a stock transfer form and hand it over to the transferee. There is also an automatic process, known as a transmission of shares whereby, on the death or bankruptcy of a shareholder, for example, the shares immediately pass to the deceased’s personal representatives or the bankrupt’s trustee in bankruptcy, respectively.


Share certificates issued by the company state the number and type of shares held. This acts as evidence of title to the shares. The shareholder’s name should also be entered on the register of members/share register, which states the name and address of every shareholder, together with the number and type of shares held. A shareholder becomes the registered legal owner of the shares only when the shareholder’s name is entered on the register. Prior to that, the shareholder is only the beneficial owner of the shares.



Текст 22


Group Structure


The principal parties within the corporate structure are the shareholders, directors, and officers. Public ownership of companies creates separation between owners and management and in order to ensure that shareholders’ interests are represented many corporations have a two-tiered corporate hierarchy. The first tier is composed of the board of directors, elected by the shareholders at the annual meeting, and often composed of inside directors who are generally chosen from management or shareholders, and outside directors who are neither stakeholders nor employees and are therefore less likely to present conflicts of interest. The second tier consists of the management hired by the corporation.


Most modern corporate statutory schemes do not impose legislative mandates on corporate structure choosing instead to grant corporations greater flexibility in establishing their corporate governance practices and structuring their business to deliver benefits such as consolidated financial statements which cover a holding company and its subsidiaries, clarity in corporate governance, empowered chief executives, streamlined decision-making, and clear lines of authority. As a result, companies may be organised into myriad business sectors, and product and service lines, and group structure may comprise company operations, associates, and joint ventures. However, other regulatory mandates may dictate elements of a company’s management structure. For example, in some jurisdictions covered companies may be required to create board committees such as an audit committee in order to comply with securities regulations.


Companies are typically led by the board of directors and a management team. The board establishes group strategy and decides on issues such as financing, investments and divestments, organization, and major policies. The management team usually consists of the president or chief executive officer (CEO), various vice presidents such as a chief financial officer, chief operations officer, and other officers eg the general counsel, chief information officer, and chief technology officer. Management meets regularly to review results, update forecasts and plans, and discuss strategic issues. Organizations may be further divided into business sectors, which might include personnel, marketing and sales, production, product lines, and services. Other corporate divisions may include a corporate venture capital subsidiary handling venture capital investments and a corporate research and development (R&D) division, among others. All of these subsidiaries and divisions may be supported by different staffing groups within headquarters.




Юридический перевод. Учебное пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский

Предлагаемое учебное пособие направлено на обучение письменному переводу юридических текстов различных стилей и жанров как деятельности, объединяющей три этапа: переводческий анализ, перевод и редактирование. Особое внимание уделяется переводческому анализу текста. В пособии на базе современных концепций лингвистики и переводоведения системно излагаются особенности перевода английских юридических документов и рассматриваются основные закономерности процесса перевода специального текста. Оно содержит обширный практический материал, предназначенный как для работы над отдельными трудностями юридического перевода, так и для развития универсальных переводческих навыков.<br /> Адресовано студентам и слушателям юридических вузов, изучающим дисциплину «Профессионально-ориентированный перевод», а также может быть полезно лицам, владеющим английским языком и желающим познакомиться с основами теории и практики письменного юридического перевода с английского языка на русский.

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 Под ред. Рыбина П.В. Юридический перевод. Учебное пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский

Под ред. Рыбина П.В. Юридический перевод. Учебное пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский

Под ред. Рыбина П.В. Юридический перевод. Учебное пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский

Предлагаемое учебное пособие направлено на обучение письменному переводу юридических текстов различных стилей и жанров как деятельности, объединяющей три этапа: переводческий анализ, перевод и редактирование. Особое внимание уделяется переводческому анализу текста. В пособии на базе современных концепций лингвистики и переводоведения системно излагаются особенности перевода английских юридических документов и рассматриваются основные закономерности процесса перевода специального текста. Оно содержит обширный практический материал, предназначенный как для работы над отдельными трудностями юридического перевода, так и для развития универсальных переводческих навыков.<br /> Адресовано студентам и слушателям юридических вузов, изучающим дисциплину «Профессионально-ориентированный перевод», а также может быть полезно лицам, владеющим английским языком и желающим познакомиться с основами теории и практики письменного юридического перевода с английского языка на русский.

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