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ОглавлениеUnit 1. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Unit 2. DIPLOMACY, NEGOTIATIONS AND BARGAINING Unit 5. WAR AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS Unit 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Для бесплатного чтения доступна только часть главы! Для чтения полной версии необходимо приобрести книгуUnit 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSSECTION 1WORDS AND TERMS TO BE REMEMBERED
Historical Development of International Organizations Every time you mail a letter to a foreign country, fly an airplane overseas, make a phone call to Europe or America, read a book translated from one language into another, listen to a weather report about other countries, or fill your car’s tank with gasoline, you come into contact with international organization in some way. Each of these activities is affected by regulations and policies established by international organizations. When you mail a letter to a foreign country, you can thank the Universal Postal Union, which was created in 1874, for its prompt delivery. This international organization establishes uniform postal rates between countries so that mail can circulate quickly and easily. When you take a trip overseas by plane, your safety is protected in part by international organizations governing flight patterns and air navigation. These regulations were developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization, which was created in 1944 to harmonize international air flight. When you make a phone call overseas, it passes through telecommunications satellites. Telephone communications between countries are regulated by the International Telecommunications Union, which was created in 1865 to promote more efficient international telegraph service. When you read a book written by a foreign author, the material is probably protected by international copyright laws that were given effect by the World Intellectual Property Organization, which came into being in 1967. Ever since 1873, collection and dissemination of global weather information have been promoted by the World Meteorological Organization. Finally, when you pump gas into your car, the price you pay depends substantially on the policies of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). These are only a few examples of the countless ways in which your life is affected by the decisions, rules, and regulations of international organizations. How and why did international organizations come into being? For many years after the Peace of Westphalia interstate relations were largely personal relations between monarchs. Diplomatic contact was sporadic. Relatively speaking, countries were much less dependent economically on international trade than they are today. Then in the early 1800s European governments began to recognize the need for more regular diplomatic contact for two reasons: (1) the disruptiveness of the Napoleonic wars, and (2) the increasing commercial activity resulting from the Industrial Revolution. In 1814, at the Treaty of Chaumont and again a year later at the Congress of Vienna, a number of European states – chiefly England, Austria, Russia and Prussia – agreed on the need to establish regular and periodic consultations to ensure French compliance with peace agreement in the wake of the Napoleonic wars. By maintenance of a balance of power in Europe, these states hoped to achieve a less violent political order. Although this Concert of Europe, as it is sometimes called, broke down after four meetings, the nations continued to consult with one other throughout the nineteenth century on a fairly regular basis to resolve disputes, discuss common security concerns, and create a variety of organizations to deal with more specific technical problems. Although the Concert of Europe was not, strictly speaking, an international organization, it can be viewed as the early steps from which international organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations evolved. Indeed, the Congress of Vienna created the first true international organization in 1815. The Rhine River Commission was established to regulate commercial shipping and prevent disputes between states that used the river for commercial purposes. Although dispute settlement was an important reason for this commission, the economic motivation was also significant. Why have international organizations proliferated? The answer is chiefly because states see them as a means of controlling conflict and promoting social welfare and humanitarian goals have also become more numerous. In shirt, many countries view these organizations as a tool of foreign policy, as a useful complement to bilateral diplomacy, and as a means of achieving national objectives in regional and global politics. WORD STUDYExercise 1. Give Russian equivalents of the following expressions. to come into contact with international organization; to fill a car’s tank with gasoline; to be affected by regulations; in part; air navigation; flight patterns; telecommunications satellites; to promote more efficient international telegraph service; to come into being; collection and dissemination of global weather information; to depend substantially; countless ways; the Peace of Westphalia; sporadic diplomatic contact; relatively speaking; to recognize the need for more regular diplomatic contact; the disruptiveness of wars; to ensure French compliance with peace agreement in the wake of the Napoleonic wars; maintenance of a balance of power; to achieve a less violent political order; to discuss common security concerns; a tool of foreign policy; as a useful complement to bilateral diplomacy. Exercise 2. Match each word or expression on the left with the correct definition on the right:
Exercise 3. Translate into Russian the following word expressions. Make up sentences with them:
Exercise 4. Arrange the following words into pairs of synonyms: acquiescence, abundant, adjustment, considerably, compliance, to defend, to establish, to found, immediate, immunity, numerous, occasional, prompt, to protect, safety, settlement, sporadic, substantially. Exercise 5. Translate the following text into English. Вторым по роли и значению (после государства) актором международных отношений являются международные организации. Первые международные организации появились в начале и середине XIX в. Это были Центральная комиссия по судоходству на Рейне, возникшая в 1815 г., а также Всемирный телеграфный союз (1865) и Всеобщий почтовый союз (1874). Первые международные организации создавались в сфере экономики, транспорта, культуры, социальных интересов государств и по своим целям были направлены на совместное трансграничное сотрудничество в неполитической области. Число таких организаций, или, как их тогда называли, международных административных союзов, возросло к началу XX в. В политической сфере предшественники первых международных организаций появились после Венского конгресса 1815 г. Тогда сформировался так называемый Европейский концерт, состоявший из 5 великих держав (Англия, Пруссия, Россия, Австрия и Франция). Европейский концерт можно рассматривать как прообраз международных организаций в сфере безопасности, которая претендовала на руководящую роль в европейских делах. Концерт представлял собой систему конгрессов и конференций, в рамках которых 5 держав решали вопросы урегулирования международных кризисов и конфликтов. Основным принципом деятельности Европейского концерта был принцип равновесия. Следующим важным этапом в развитии международных организаций была деятельность Лиги Наций, созданной в 1919 г. Лига Наций имела два существенных отличия от Европейского концерта: 1) она была создана на основе международно-признанного акта — Статута Лиги Наций; 2) она строилась на принципе коллективной безопасности. Внимание! Авторские права на книгу "Английский язык для специалистов в области международных отношений. Учебное пособие" (Бочарова Е.П., Свиридюк Н.А., Тараненко О.И.) охраняются законодательством! |
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