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ОглавлениеUnit 1. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Unit 2. DIPLOMACY, NEGOTIATIONS AND BARGAINING Unit 5. WAR AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS Unit 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Для бесплатного чтения доступна только часть главы! Для чтения полной версии необходимо приобрести книгуUnit 4. TERRORISMSECTION 1WORDS AND TERMS TO BE REMEMBERED
What is Terrorism? Terrorism is the systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against governments, publics, or individuals to attain a political objective. Terrorism has been used by political organizations with both rightist and leftist objectives, by nationalistic and ethnic groups, by revolutionaries, and by the armies and secret police of the governments themselves. Terrorism has been practiced throughout history and throughout the world. The ancient Greek historian Xenophon (c. 431 – c. 350 BC) wrote of the effectiveness of psychological warfare against enemy populations. Roman emperors such as Tiberius (reigned AD 14 – 37) and Caligula (reigned AD 37 – 41) used banishment, expropriation of property, and execution as means to discourage opposition to their rule. The Spanish Inquisition used arbitrary arrest, torture, and execution to punish what is viewed as religious heresy. The use of terror was openly advocated by Robespierre as a means of encouraging revolutionary virtue during the French Revolution, leading to the period of his political dominance called the Reign of Terror (1793 – 94). After the American Civil War (1861 – 65) defiant Southerners formed a terrorist organization called the Ku Klux Klan to intimidate supporters of Reconstruction. In the latter half of the 19th century, terrorism was adopted by adherents of anarchism in Western Europe, Russia, and the United States. They believed that the best way to effect revolutionary political and social change was to assassinate persons in positions of power. From 1865 to 1905 a number of kings, presidents, prime ministers, and other government officials were killed by anarchists’ guns or bombs. The 20th century witnessed great changes in the use and practice of terrorism. Terrorism became the hallmark of a number of political movements stretching from the extreme right to the extreme left of the political spectrum. Technological advances such as automatic weapons and compact, electrically detonated explosives gave terrorists a new mobility and lethality. Terrorism was adopted as virtually a state policy, though an unacknowledged one, by such totalitarian regimes as those of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. In these states arrest, imprisonment, torture, and execution were applied without legal guidance or restraints to create a climate of fear and to encourage adherence to the national ideology and the declared economic, social, and political goals of the state. Terrorism has most commonly become identified, however, with individuals or groups attempting to destabilize or overthrow existing political institutions. Terrorism has been used by one or both sides in anticolonial conflicts (Ireland and United Kingdom, Algeria and France, Vietnam and France/United States), in disputes between different national groups over possession of a contested homeland (Palestinians and Israel), in conflicts between different religious denominations (Catholics and Protestants in the Northern Ireland), and in internal conflicts between revolutionary forces and established governments (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Iran, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Argentina). Terrorism’s public impact has been greatly magnified by the use of modern communications media. Any fact of violence is certain to attract television coverage, which brings the event directly into millions of homes and exposes viewers to the terrorists’ demands, grievances, or political goals. Modern terrorism differs from that of the past because its victims are frequently innocent civilians who are picked at random or merely happen into terrorist situations. Many groups of terrorists in Europe hark back to the anarchists of the 19th century in their isolation from the political mainstream and the unrealistic nature of their goals. Lacking a base of popular support, extremists substitute violent acts for legitimate political activities. Such acts include kidnappings, assassinations, skyjackings, bombings, and hijackings. The Baader-Meinhof gang of West Germany, the Japanese Red Army, Italy’s Red brigades, the Puerto Rican FALN, al-Fatah and other Palestinian organizations, the Shining Path of Peru, and France’s Direct Action were among the most prominent terrorist groups of the later 20th century. WORD STUDYExercise 1. Give Russian equivalents of the following expressions: rightist and leftist objectives; to witness great changes; to practice terrorism; to adopt terrorism as virtually a state policy; to be picked at random; public impact; lethality; a contested homeland; communications media; to happen into terrorist situation; grievances; psychological warfare; unpredictable violence; electrically detonated explosives; to view something as religious heresy; in the latter half of the 19th century. Exercise 2. Match each word or expression on the left with the correct definition on the right:
Exercise 3. Give English equivalents of the following expressions. Make up sentences with them: приверженцы анархизма; внутренние конфликты; дестабилизировать существующие политические институты; ультралевые, ультраправые; ослаблять оппозицию; преувеличивать; похищение людей; различные религиозные вероисповедания; воздушное пиратство; брать пример с кого-либо, возвращаться к примеру кого-либо; телерепортаж; политическое убийство; запугивать кого-либо; захват заложников; поджоги; ни в чем не повинные граждане; люди, стоящие у власти. Exercise 4. Fill in the box with all derivatives. Consult the dictionary.
Exercise 5. Arrange the following words into pairs of synonyms. Prey, enemy, lack, progress, support, fear, advance, cow, oppose, absence, occur, advocate, victim, acknowledge, attain, intimidate, gain, happen, admit, terror, foe, resist. Exercise 6. Complete the text with the words and word combinations from the box.
Terrorism is a special type of _____. It is a tactic used in peace, _____ and war. The threat of terrorism is ever present and an attack is likely to occur when least expected, so we can call it _____ violence. Nowadays terrorism is _____ on a global scale in its various forms stretching from _____ to bombings and perpetration of hoaxes. Technological advances gave the violence even greater sophistication and _____, resulting in thousands of deaths. Moreover, modern terrorism tends to publicize its _____ and goals. It often drives target selection: the greater the symbolic value of the target, the more _____ the attack brings to the terrorists and the more fear it generates. Anyone can _____ a terrorist situation, anyone can be a _____ victim. Under totalitarianism terror is the _____ of a state policy, though _____ legitimately. There are no restraints to encourage _____ the national ideology of the country. MISCELLANEOUS
Explanatory Notes Effective adj. 1. Having an effect; able to bring about the result intended, e.g. effective measures, effective remedies, effective rebuke. 2. Making a strike impression, powerful in effect; impressive; striking, e.g. an effective scheme of decoration, effective beginning, an effective design. 3. Active, operative, in effect, e.g. the law became effective yesterday. Effectual adj. (not used of persons) Bringing about the result required; answering its purpose; producing, or capable of producing, the desired effect, e.g. an effectual retort, an effectual reply to smb.’s charge, to take effectual steps. Efficient adj. 1. (of person) Capable, competent; able to perform duties well, e.g. an efficient secretary. 2. Producing an effect or result; producing the desired effect or result with a minimum of effort, expense, or waste, e.g. the efficient cause of smth.; the efficient discharge of the committee’s responsibility; efficient methods of negotiating. Exercise 1. Translate the following phrases into Russian; use them in sentences and situations:
Exercise 2. Fill in the blank using one of the words under discussion. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. That argument is not _____ and we’ll convince no one. 2. If he or anyone else suspected that he was quite _____ they kept it dark. 3. Now it appears that internment commission has the _____ power to deport. 4. She knows a better gesture, a more _____ one. Внимание! Авторские права на книгу "Английский язык для специалистов в области международных отношений. Учебное пособие" (Бочарова Е.П., Свиридюк Н.А., Тараненко О.И.) охраняются законодательством! |
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