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ОглавлениеUnit 1. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Unit 2. DIPLOMACY, NEGOTIATIONS AND BARGAINING Unit 5. WAR AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS Unit 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Для бесплатного чтения доступна только часть главы! Для чтения полной версии необходимо приобрести книгуUnit 2. DIPLOMACY, NEGOTIATIONS AND BARGAININGSECTION 1WORDS AND TERMS TO BE REMEMBERED
Diplomacy The term “diplomacy” has taken on a variety of meanings in the international relations literature. Some writers view it as “an art of conducting negotiations in the process of implementing foreign policy”. Others use it interchangeably with foreign policy involving the entire foreign relations process. Or still others see it as “the process or method by which governments pursue foreign policy”. Whichever definition is used, logically there is no diplomacy without diplomats. So we can suggest the following definition of diplomacy: The conduct of relations between nation-states through their accredited officials for the purpose of advancing the interests of the appointing state. Although in popular usage diplomacy is used interchangeably with negotiation, these two terms have different, more precise applications. The history of diplomacy predates modern international relations by centuries. It can be traced back to ancient times in China, India and Egypt when it primarily involved the delivery of message and warnings, the pleading of causes, and the transfer of gifts institutionalized in ancient Greece and Rome. Envoys became not only messengers but negotiators. However, the first permanent legations were not established until the fourteenth century under a system of independent city- states in what is now Italy. This ambassadorial system rapidly spread to the rest of Europe. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, two types of diplomatic representatives existed: ambassadors, who vied for precedence and protocol; and semiofficial agents, whose functions and access to authoritative sources of information were limited. At the Vienna conferences on Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities (1961) and on Consular Relations (1963), comprehensive agreements covering nearly all aspects of diplomatic activity were signed. These conferences divided the heads of diplomatic missions into three general categories. The first two categories comprise ambassadors and ministers, respectively, who are accredited (officially presented) to the head of the host state. The third category is made up of charge d’affaires, who are accredited to the foreign ministers (or secretary of state) of the host country. Once diplomatic relations are established between two governments by mutual consent, ambassadors and ministers are exchanged. They represent the head of state of the sending state and are received by the head of state of the host country. All diplomats enjoy certain privileges and immunities. Although they expected to comply voluntarily with the host state’s laws and regulations, they are exempt from its criminal and civil jurisdiction, as well as from its taxation. Embassies are immune from searches, and ambassadors’ premises are viewed as small islands of sovereignty of the sending state. WORD STUDYExercise 1. Give Russian equivalents of the following expressions: an art of conducting negotiations; the process of implementing foreign policy; nation-states; the appointing state; application; to predate something by centuries; to be traced back to...; the pleading of causes; a system of independent city-states; to vie for precedence and protocol; semi-official agents; host state; to be made up of charge d’affaires; mutual consent; immunity; to be exempt from. Exercise 2. Fill in this box with all derivatives. Consult the dictionary.
Exercise 3. Match each word or expression on the left with the correct definition on the right:
Exercise 4. Match each of the verbs in the left column with a suitable noun from the right column. Make up your own sentences with them:
Exercise 5. Translate the following word-combinations. Consult the “Dictionary of Diplomacy”. Explain their meaning:
Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Дипломатия призвана своими средствами и методами не только реализовывать внешнеполитические решения, но и активно формировать их. 2. Дипломатия – это ведение международных отношений посредством переговоров; метод, при помощи которого эти отношения реализуются. 3. Решение международных проблем стало главной функцией дипломатии. 4. На этой конференции были подписаны всесторонние соглашения, охватывающие все аспекты дипломатической деятельности. 5. Его дипломатическая миссия заключалась в убеждении интересов государства-хозяина. 6. Все дипломаты обладают рядом привилегий и иммунитетом. 7. Сегодня ставится задача обучить дипломатов, политических и общественных деятелей технологии ведения переговоров. MISCELLANEOUS
Explanatory Notes Comprehensive adj. Including much, inclusive, e.g. a comprehensive account; a comprehensive definition; comprehensive disarmament; comprehensive test ban treaty; comprehensive knowledge; comprehensive definition; comprehensive term. Comprehensible adj. That can be understood fully; intelligible, e.g. a book that is comprehensible only to specialists; the statement does not begin to be comprehensible enough. The adjectives comprehensive and comprehensible are not synonymous but they are sometimes confused because of their likeness. The Russian equivalents of these adjectives are as follows: comprehensive means обширный, всеобъемлющий, всесторонний, легко схватывающий; comprehensible mean: понятный, вразумительный. Exercise 1. Translate the following phrases into Russian; use them in sentences or situations:
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions. 1. What kind of agreement can be called as comprehensive one? 2. What data can you find in a comprehensive survey devoted to a certain country? 3. Why is the problem of comprehensive disarmament so important? 4. What do you know about the comprehensive school in England? Why is it called so? What are its weak and strong points? 5. Is the Theory of International Relations a comprehensible subject to you? Exercise 3. Paraphrase the following phrases and sentences using one of the words under discussion. 1. A problem beyond one’s comprehension. 2. A term of wide comprehension. 3. A word too difficult to understand. 4. Profound knowledge. 5. An intelligible treatise. Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks using one of the words under discussion. 1. Even the very vocabulary of such moral problems would have been _____ not so long ago. 2. The Government should use its influence to secure the signing of a test ban treaty. 3. The professor did some _____ research before he wrote his book. 4. ____ agreements covering nearly all aspects of diplomatic activity were signed. 5. States now negotiate with one another on a _____ spectrum of issues. Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into English. Внимание! Авторские права на книгу "Английский язык для специалистов в области международных отношений. Учебное пособие" (Бочарова Е.П., Свиридюк Н.А., Тараненко О.И.) охраняются законодательством! |
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