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ОглавлениеUnit 1. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Unit 2. DIPLOMACY, NEGOTIATIONS AND BARGAINING Unit 5. WAR AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS Unit 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Для бесплатного чтения доступна только часть главы! Для чтения полной версии необходимо приобрести книгуUnit 3. THE DIPLOMATIC CORPSSECTION 1WORDS AND TERMS TO BE REMEMBERED
The Role of the Embassy and the Ambassador Text A No country Embassies (i.e., permanent missions on foreign soil) in every nation-state. The superpowers maintain the largest number of overseas missions followed by several other major powers. Most nations maintain legations with the largest states, with immediate neighbors, or with the United Nations. However, most countries are too poor to maintain extensive diplomatic establishments. For instance, no African country maintains embassies in all other countries. Rather, they contact fellow African governments on an ad hoc basis or through their representatives in the Organization of African Unity and the UN. Embassies are headed by ambassador, who is responsible for all personnel. Embassies are staffed with foreign service officers, military personnel, and civil servants from departments such as agriculture and commerce or consular offices. The bulk of work at an embassy is carried out by locally hired employees whose functions include registering the births, deaths, and marriages of citizens of the sending state residing in the host country; issuing, validating, and replacing passports; generally providing protection to the person, property, and other interests of citizens of the sending state. Other routine activities involve attending social and ceremonial affairs, such as luncheons, benefits, cocktail parties, ground-breaking ceremony, and the like. The role of diplomats can be broken down into several major categories. First, diplomats play an important symbolic role. They represent the interests of the sending state. They are expected to attend formal state functions, such as inaugurations, funerals of important leaders, and so on. Second, and closely related to the symbolic role, is the legal representation function. Diplomats represent the legal interests of their fellow citizens who are travelling or living in the country. Third, diplomats, especially consular officers, perform important economic functions. They attempt to identify opportunities for business ventures, trade, and investment for their nationals in the host country. Fourth, diplomats perform important political and information-gathering functions. They monitor political developments, analyze media reports, stay in touch with important governmental and opposition figures, and collect data on public opinion. Finally, to attain these goals, diplomats and embassies must have a smooth administrative apparatus. Embassies are miniature bureaucracies, and as such, diplomats must have not only legal, political, and economic skills, but also a capacity for administration. The Ambassador Text B As the highest ranking official of the embassy, the ambassador is the personal representative of the government of the sending state. He or she is viewed by the host state as the official spokesperson from the sending state. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ambassadors were professional people of intelligence, wealth, high moral, integrity, and skill in languages and diplomatic protocol, which placed them in an international fraternity of diplomats whose prestige was recognized throughout the world. The rapid scientific and technological changes in the later part of twentieth century are also reflected in the transformation of the role of the embassy and the diplomatic service. Today the role of an ambassador has changed appreciably. The advancement in communication and travel technology has made governments less dependent on their ambassadors on the scene as their chief representatives in dealing with a foreign government. Instant communication between the home office and the embassy and the use of supersonic jets and hot lines have changed the function of an ambassador from a negotiator to a reporter. As soon as information and the ambassador’s interpretation of it are received, decisions are made in national capitals. Much depends on the ambassador’s ability and adaptability to the new conditions prevailing in the world today. Some ambassadors, for example, are known as “centralizers” because they act as the clearinghouse for the information processing and try to orchestrate differences of opinion in the reports they receive, discourage staff initiatives and disagreements, and seek an animity and conformity in actions. On the opposite side are the “decentralizers”, that is, ambassadors who like to delegate responsibilities and who encourage diversity in reports they receive. Another visible issue in the operation of an embassy is whether the ambassador is a career diplomat rising through the ranks of the Foreign Service or a political appointee. Text C Since the Congress of Vienna (1815) evolved rules for the classification of ranks, diplomats have been divided into categories. The original four categories were reduced to three by the Vienna convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961. They are, in order of rank: Ambassadors or papal nunciuos, who are accredited to heads of states, and other heads of mission of equivalent rank. Envoys, ministers and internuncious, similarly accredited to heads of states. Charge d’affaires (the official temporarily in charge in the absence of the ambassador or minister). These rules of rank are generally accepted by all states. Seniority at the post establishes precedence of each rank. Nowadays, missions to foreign countries are hardly ever at the legation (that is, minister) level. Ambassadors are the rule. The senior ambassador is known as the doyen of the diplomatic corps in the particular capital. The ambassador is expected to perform two vital functions, out of which all the tea drinking, party giving, and speechmakers arise. First he must keep his government informed on conditions at his post and the policies of the government to which he is accredited. Second, he must implement national foreign policy by carrying out his instructions to the best of his ability, especially in negotiating with the state to which he is assigned. In popular mind, diplomats frequently are thought of in terms of these two stereotypes: either they are “cooky-pushers” skilled in the art of balancing tea cups and cocktail glasses or they are “double-dealers” saying anything but the truth; either “social butterflies” or diabolical deceivers. As Sir Henry Wotton wrote: “An ambassador is an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good of his country”. WORD STUDYExercise 1. Give Russian equivalents of the following expressions: permanent missions on foreign soil; to maintain legations with the states; to maintain diplomatic establishments; through the representatives; to be headed by somebody; military personnel; locally hired employees; registering the births, deaths; to provide protection to somebody; to attend ceremonial and social affairs; to represent the interests of the sending state; to identify opportunities for something; to monitor political developments; to stay in touch with somebody; to attain goals; to collect data on public opinion; to have a capacity for something; skills; personal representative; intelligence; an advancement in something; to deal with a foreign government; to depend on somebody’s ability and adaptability; to act as...; to discourage; to seek unanimity; to encourage diversity in reports; to rise through the ranks of the Foreign Service; diabolical deceivers. Внимание! Авторские права на книгу "Английский язык для специалистов в области международных отношений. Учебное пособие" (Бочарова Е.П., Свиридюк Н.А., Тараненко О.И.) охраняются законодательством! |
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