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ОглавлениеPsychology. The theories. Behaviourism The theory of object relations The ideas of prominent psychologists of the 20th century Для бесплатного чтения доступна только часть главы! Для чтения полной версии необходимо приобрести книгуThe ideas of prominent psychologists of the 20th centuryW. Wundt (1832-1920)German psychologist and physiologist, the founder of experimental psychology. In 1879 he opened the first psychological laboratory of his time where the phenomena of consciousness by the introspection method (immediate observations of one’s own psychic processes) were studied. M. Wertheimer (1880-1943)German-American psychologist, one of the founders of gestalt psychology, a representative of Wurzburg school. In his experiments with the blinking of two rays of light he proved that the blinking in turn at high frequency was perceived as movement; from which he deduced that building up an image to the integral is proper to psyche. His deduction was confirmed by further experiments of this school. K. Lewin (1890-1947)German-American psychologist. He is known by his “theory of the field” that describes the dependency of a man on his surroundings. Meanwhile each item has its emotional charge (valency) causing tension and requiring some lessening. Human behaviour is directed to lessening. A. Adler (1870-1937)Austrian physician and psychologist, the creator of “individual psychology”. His ideas were based upon psychoanalysis, but he set out the ”inferiority complex” as key psychic energy stimulating a man to development that compensates through the striving for superiority at adult age. In pathological cases inferiority may be compensated for by the striving for power. K. Lorenz (1903-1989)Austrian zoologist, ethologist and zoopsychologist. He worked on the study of animals, being one of the founders of ethology. He studied the forms of early instinctive behaviour of animals, revealed the phenomenon of imprinting (early impression) at little geese. Lorenz carried out comparative analysis of animal and human behaviour including such phenomena as aggression and sexual attraction. I. P. Pavlov (1849-1936)The most eminent Russian physiologist, Nobel prize winner, the creator of higher nervous activity theory. He is known by researches in the field of reflexes based on registration of dog’s secretion of gastric juice at his/her reaction on food and on bell instead of food. He discovered conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. E. Titchener (1867-1927)British-American experimental psychologist. W. Wundt’s disciple and then the founder of the first psychological laboratory in the USA. He developed the ideas of Wurzburg school. He named structuralism a science applying the introspection method. E. Titchener gave psychology the status of science, studied the phenomena of consciousness by decomposing them into senses. V. M. Behterev (1857-1927)Russian psychiatrist, physiologist and psychologist. Creator of reflexology studying human social behaviour with the help of outlining combined reflexes. Disciple of W. Wundt and J. M. Charcot. Founder of psychoneurological institute in St. Petersburg. B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)American psychologist-behaviorist, creator of operant learning theory according to which the enforcement of an animal’s occasional behaviour leads to the fastening of this behaviour. He considered that the fastening of animal behaviour is based on the principle of reversal connection – an animal observes the aftermath of its actions. In Skinner’s theory an animal does not act purposefully proceeding from its internal intentions. Внимание! Авторские права на книгу "Psychology: The Essentials" (M. Myagchenkova) охраняются законодательством! |
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