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ОглавлениеUNIT I. Automobile. Development of the Automobile. Automobile Industry UNIT II. Components of Automobile UNIT IV. Engine Operation. The Four-Stroke Cycle. The Two-Stroke Cycle Vocabulary. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I, J, K. L. M. N. O. P, Q. R. S. T, U. V. W Для бесплатного чтения доступна только часть главы! Для чтения полной версии необходимо приобрести книгуUNIT V. Technical Features of AutomobilesDifferentialVocabulary: axle – ось skidding – скольжение to avoid – избегать, уклоняться от to be equipped with – быть оборудованным to prevent – предотвращать to receive – получать to revolve – вращать In the automobile, a set of gears used on the driving (usually rear) axle. The two wheels on the driving axle must be interconnected in order to receive their energy from the same source, the driving shaft; at the same time they must be free to revolve at different speeds when necessary (e.g., when rounding a curve, the outer wheel travels farther and thus must revolve faster than the inner wheel in order to prevent skidding). These two requirements are met by the differential gearing. Furthermore, through it the rotating motion of the driving shaft is transmitted to the axle and the wheels. The axle is in two halves; to each half is attached a wheel at one end and, at the inner end, a gear. The end of the driving shaft is also equipped with a gear. By an ingenious arrangement of these and other gears, together constituting the differential, a difference in speed of the two wheels is compensated for without a loss of attractive force. A disadvantage of the conventional differential is that when one wheel is on a dry and the other on a slippery surface, the differential causes the wheel on the slippery surface to revolve at double speed while the other wheel remains stationary. This hazard can be avoided by use of a limited slip differential, which feeds power to one wheel when the other wheel starts to slip and thus keeps the automobile moving. General understanding: 1. What is differential? 2. What qualities are differential needed? 3. What operations is the differential designed for? 4. What is the disadvantage of the conventional differential? Exercise 1. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.
Exercise 2. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences, into Russian in writing form. 1. In the automobile, a set of gears used on the driving (ось). 2. The end of the driving (вал) is also equipped with a gear. Exercise 3. Complete the sentences, having chosen a corresponding variant. 1. Rotating motion of the driving shaft is transmitted to the axle and the ... . a) wheels; b) pistons; c) gear. GearVocabulary: differential – дифференциал gear – шестерня governor – регулирующий клапан to compensate – возмещать, компенсировать to equalize – уравнивать to revolve – вращать (ся), вертеть (ся) to rotate – вращать (ся) to serve -использовать, применять to transmit – передавать Toothed wheel, cylinder, or cone that transmits motion from one part of a machine to another; it is one of the oldest means of transmitting motion. When the teeth of two gears are meshed, turning one gear will cause the other to rotate. In most cases both gears are mounted on shafts so that when one shaft turns, the other also rotates. By meshing two gears of different diameters, a variation in both speed and torque between the two shafts is obtained; the smaller gear in this case is called the pinion. A spur gear consists of a wheel with straight teeth mounted radically either on the inner circumference (internal spur gear) or outer circumference (external spur gear) of the wheel. Two meshed spur gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. A rack and pinion consists of a pinion engaging and transferring motion to or from a special kind of spur gear, called a rack, consisting of a series of teeth in a straight line on a flat surface. The rack and pinion changes linear motion into rotary motion, or vice versa. A helical gear is similar to a spur gear, but its teeth are twisted instead of straight. Helical gears can be used to transmit motion between shafts that do not intersect and are at any angle with respect to each other. A bevel gear has straight or curved teeth on a conical surface near its rim. Bevel gears are used to transmit rotary motion between shafts that are not parallel and that would intersect at an angle if extended. Hypoid gears are special bevel gears used in the differential of an automobile to connect the drive shaft to the rear axle. A worm gear, meshed with a threaded cylinder, or worm, that resembles a screw, is used to transmit motion between perpendicular, nonintersecting shafts. General understanding: 1. What is gear? 2. What are kinds of a governor? 3. When is a governor-synchronizing device used? 4. When are two meshed spur gears used? 5. Where are used bevel gears? Exercise 4. Find in the left column English equivalents of Russian words and word-combinations.
Exercise 5. Translate words and word-combinations in brackets into English, and then translate the sentences, into Russian in writing form. 1. (Эти два требования) are met by the differential gearing. 2. (Вал) is in two halves: to each half is attached a wheel at one end and, at the inner end, a gear. 3. (Регулирующий клапан) may be an electric, hydraulic, mechanical device Exercise 6. Complete the sentences, having chosen a corresponding variant. 1. A governor-synchronizing device is used to ... the speed of two or more engines. a) to transmit; b) to equalize; c) to revolve. 2. ... may be electric, hydraulic, or mechanical device. a) gear; b) governor; c) carburetor. 3. ... can be used to transmit motion between shafts. a) bevel gears; b) spur gears; c) helical gears. TransmissionVocabulary: automatic transmission – автоматическая коробка передач belt – ремень безопасности disengage – освобождать manual transmission – ручная коробка передач range of speed – предел скорости ratio – соотношение system of interlocking – система сцепления transmission – коробка передач In automobiles, system of parts connecting the engine to the wheels. Suitable torque, or turning force, is generated by the engine only within a narrow range of engine speeds, i.e., rates at which the crankshaft is turning. However, the wheels must turn with suitable torque over a wide range of speeds. While its speed is held roughly constant, the engine turns an input shaft on the transmission whose output shaft can be adjusted to turn the wheels at an appropriate speed. The simplest transmissions are manual transmissions, and consist of a system of interlocking gearwheels. These wheels are arranged so that by operating a lever the driver can choose one of several ratios of speed between the input shaft and the output shaft. These ratios are called gears, first gear being the arrangement that gives the lowest output speed, second gear the next lowest, and so forth. To allow smooth shifting from one gear to another, a clutch is provided to disengage the engine from the transmission. The commonly used dry single disk clutch has a steel disk with a friction lining that is sandwiched between a flywheel on the engine shaft and a pressure plate on the transmission input shaft. When the driver takes his foot off the clutch pedal, springs squeeze the friction disk into the space between the flywheel and the pressure plate, enabling the engine shaft to turn the transmission. Внимание! Авторские права на книгу "Автомобили и автомобильное хозяйство. Учебное пособие" (Руденко Е.Е., Федорова Е.В.) охраняются законодательством! |
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