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ОглавлениеChapter 1. Sport as an area of legal regulation Chapter 2. Governance of the elements of sport Chapter 4. Governing of sport events Chapter 5. Offences and responsibilities in the field of sport Для бесплатного чтения доступна только часть главы! Для чтения полной версии необходимо приобрести книгуChapter 5. Offences and responsibilities in the field of sport§ 1. Safety of sport events1. Criminal fanaticism and international practice of fight against itCriminal fanaticism as an international phenomenon English sport fans are justifiably considered the founders of bully football fanaticism. In the mid-1960s, about two thirds of the English stadium stands audience identified themselves with football violence. In those years every other British football match ended with serious brawls. Initially, British fans rioted at the sports stands of the cities where they lived, but later the so-called ‘away support movement’ appeared when fans went to other cities in order to support their club, organizing mass disorders there. The anti-social behavior of British fans became an example to follow for supporters in other countries. Fans’ riots have turned into an inevitable attribute of the modern football life. All in all, over the period from 1902 to 2014, mass disorders and unreasoned actions of sport event organizers and police in various countries resulted in 40 tragic incidents that drew international public response and were associated with human injuries and death, stadium stands collapses, and considerable economic damage. Such events occurred in Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Columbia, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Gabon, Ghana, Great Britain, Guatemala, Israel, Italy, Libya, Nepal, Peru, Portugal, SAR, Thailand, Turkey, Zimbabwe, and many other countries. Some of these events led to international conflicts and wars. Thus, mass riots at Estadio Nacional stadium in Lima (Peru) during the match between the teams of Argentina and Peru on May 24, 1964 resulted in the death of 318 people and martial law imposition all over the country. Another well-known example is the so-called ‘football war’ in June-July of 1969 between Honduras and El Salvador caused by the mass riots during the match between the football teams of these countries, which resulted in the death of about 3000 people. Therefore, maintenance of public order at large sports events is regarded as a priority and extremely important task of law enforcement agencies and authorities of all levels in any country of the world. Российские фанаты и массовые беспорядкина спортивных мероприятиях About 5–6 mln. people visit Premier League football matches and Kontinental Hockey League matches in the Russian Federation every year. Up to 5–8 thousand supporters can follow their teams in other cities. Up to 500 thousand Russian policemen and internal troops servicemen are involved every year for public order maintenance at sports stadiums. However, even such unprecedented security measures can be inefficient. About 5–7 thousand football fans are brought to administrative responsibility for public disturbance in the Russian Federation per year. It is worth mentioning that sport fans often provoke mas riots outside sports facilities. In the result of riots started by Russian fans in the center of Moscow in June 2002, during the broadcasting of the football match between the Russian and Japanese national teams, 75 people suffered, 49 people were admitted to hospital, and one person died from stab wounds. 107 motor vehicles, including buses for television broadcasting and trolley buses, and 7 cars were burnt during the riots. It would be fair to notice that riots during large sports events are not a unique phenomenon typical only of modern Russia. Fan-related disturbances have existed always, even in the USSR epoch. Thus, serious mass disturbances during or after football matches took place in Stalingrad in 1947, in Moscow in 1953, in Erevan in 1955, in Kyiv in 1956, in Leningrad in 1957, in Kutaisi in 1970, in Tbilisi in 1977. Fans crashed stadium stands, injured referees, players, viewers, militiamen, and internal troops servicemen, burnt emergency vehicles. So, how does the modern Russian fan movement look like? It is based on the so-called ‘firms’ (the term was borrowed from the European fans) which consolidate the most aggressive fans. Each ‘firm’ consists of about 40–50 fans, has its own transport, stable mobile and Internet communications. The ‘firm’ members can mobilize themselves in a relatively short time for any actions, including anti-social ones. Mass riots usually have the following scenario. As a rule, before sports events start, fans get steamed up by certain ritual acts, provoking chants, public insults of players and fans of other clubs when they go by train, come to railway or metro stations. The energy of the moving crowd grows due to the feeling of permissiveness, possibility of committing anti-social actions right in front of the eyes of passers-by and some law enforcement officers with impunity. When the crowd of fans approaches the stadium, it starts feeling its unity and force potential. These feelings are becoming more intense at the sports stands when the fans worry about the results of their favorite team’s play together. As a rule, everything starts from minor violations of public order on the part of fans. They are often of provocative nature, sometimes the sport event organizers and law enforcement forces do not respond to them duly. At the same time, the practice shows that belated response of law enforcement forces can be inappropriate, which, in its turn, leads to mass disobedience and protest of fans. It is exactly in this period when informal leaders appear and start inciting the crowd to anti-social actions. A spontaneous crowd of fans immediately turns into a united and organized force which can act defiantly and harshly, threaten public safety not only in the territory of sports facilities, but also beyond them. Subculture of criminal fanaticism It is interesting that despite the permanent and sophisticated enmity with each other, fans from different countries represent a social and psychological community. According to their social status, sport fans are mostly low-paid workers at non-prestigious posts (barmen, waiters, clerks, common labor personnel, etc.) and young students. According to psychologists, the fan of any country strongly believes that he is the twelfth’ member of his favorite football team and inalienable part of the fan movement. The victory of his team increases his confidence and boosts his self-esteem, while its defeat causes psychological disorders and deepens his inferiority complex. It is worth noting that criminal fanaticism and its subculture develop under the same principles everywhere. Radical fans’ lifestyle, habits, traditions and even fashion are very similar in different countries. In particular, the criminal slang used by sport fans all over the world can be difficult to understand for outsiders. For example, an ordinary man would hardly imagine that a ‘bum package’ («бомжпакет») means a package of instant noodles (popular food during out matches), a ‘wolf’ («волк») means a train ticket collector, a ‘yob’ («гопник») is a person who does not understand fan culture, a ‘toad’ («жаба») is a fan who changed his club, etc. It is known that even the casual style of fans’ clothes has been cultivated by fans all over the world primarily to ensure the anonymity of unlawful acts. For many ‘firm’ members, consumption of drugs and alcohol before matches, opportunity to test themselves in dangerous situations, get their adrenaline going, feel themselves winners over the hostile fan team have become not just a style of life, but its essence and meaning, as well as a way of self-fulfillment. International practice of fight against criminal fanaticism Criminal fanaticism at sport arenas is not an inevitable or fatal phenomenon of social life. The legislative and law enforcement practice of many countries shows that this negative phenomenon can be overcome. In particular, the Europeans drew proper conclusions from the results of mass riots at the Heysel Stadium in Belgium in 1985 when 39 people died and over 500 people were injured. In the same year, the European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehavior at Sports was adopted. The Council of Europe adopted many other resolutions and legal documents concerning the problems of fight against criminal fanaticism. Special attention should be paid to Recommendations for international police cooperation and measures to prevent and control violence and disturbances in connection with football matches with an international dimension. The creation of national police football information points in the European countries pursuant to this document is of special importance. These points are authorized to inform each other about dangerous sport supporters by means of placing or exchanging information on a special website. Besides, during international sport events these information points organize the reception of foreign police organizations and permanent connection with them via communication officers. The police delegations include operative police officers for intelligence, supervision, interaction with fans and their undetectable escort to sports events. The host side has to accredit the members of the invited police delegation at the sport event, include them in their general plan of force alignment and tactical actions. Each delegation member should know how to interact with host side policemen, have the relevant legal knowledge, use special recognition vests and equipment in case of emergency, discharge certain duties in case of mass disturbances. Certain functions of public order maintenance are also assigned to stewards — both local and invited ones. Stewards should not only wear fluorescent clothes with the inscription “STEWARD”, but also meet the physical fitness and psychological standards to fulfil tasks in the sphere of security. In particular, they should master communication techniques and conflict resolution methods, techniques of monitoring and identification of law breakers, spectator search, first-aid dressing in emergency services, etc. In our opinion, it is especially important that the specified international cooperation in the sphere of security can be also extended to non-EU countries. Experience of Great Britain Great Britain is one of the few countries that managed to achieve significant victories in their fight against criminal fanaticism. In the 1980–1990s this country adopted a series of legislative acts which made it possible to establish order at sports arenas. Thus, the Sporting Events Act 1985 allowed the police to arrest and search supporters who drink alcohol in trains and buses on their way to a match; the Public Order Act 1986 authorized courts to impose football banning orders on individuals who had previously caused or been involved in either violence or disorder at football matches; the Football (Offences) Act 1991 found it is an offence for a supporter at a football match to throw anything at the playing area or stands, take part in chanting of an indecent or racialist nature, go onto the playing area without lawful authority or lawful excuse; the Football (Disorder) Act allowed the courts, upon police applications, to impose football banning orders regarding matches both within the country and abroad, while disturbers at sports facilities were obliged to hand in their passports to the police. Reorganization of British policing played a significant role in the normalization of near-football sphere. Thus, National Football Intelligence Unit (on the basis of criminal intelligence) was created as part of the Ministry of Interior of the United Kingdom. Its functions included operational work with fans, maintenance of offending football fans’ card file, and execution of court decisions on football match visiting ban. Football intelligence officers were assigned to particular football and fan clubs and practiced joint meetings for development of operational procedures aimed at mass disturbance prevention, escorted fans, including to foreign countries. Nowadays the work of these officers is supervised by the UK Football Policing Unit of the Ministry of Interior of the UK. It is curious that sports clubs still pay for overtime work of policemen — the money is transferred to a special account of Scotland Yard. It is worth noting well-coordinated work of local authorities, police, sports clubs of Britain on distribution of positive information on the achievements in the sphere of football security, provision of fans with information on changes in the administrative and criminal legislation, promotion of positive behavior among fans and zero tolerance to football hooligans. Over a relatively short period the British law enforcement forces managed to achieve significant improvement in the fight against offenses among fans. 2. Security ensuring at the Olympic GamesSecurity management system at the Olympic Games The Olympic Games are an event of global scale visited by millions of people, thousands of athletes, coaches, referees, sports officials at all levels, heads of states, and other VIPs. According to experts, about a half of the world population watches the Games on TV and Internet. Safety of the Olympic Games, the atmosphere of hospitality, amiability and security directly contribute to the growth of the international authority of the hosting state and the values it promotes. During the Olympic Games, special strictly centralized security ensuring bodies (command centers or headquarters) are created. International centers for communication with security services and police of other countries are also formed. For instance, the International Police Liaison Centre worked at the Beijing Olympic Games (PRC, 2008) with participation of 200 officers of police and intelligence of over 80 countries of the world. The access to Olympic facilities is universally limited to unauthorized persons and transport, control zones and examination areas with special equipment are created. Special systems for personnel’s and spectators’ pass control are also installed. Special attention is paid to the protection of the Olympic village territory. For instance, infrared cameras and high-technology fence with voltage 5000 V 18 km long were used for the protection of the Olympic village perimeter at the London Olympics (United Kingdom, 2012). In accordance with the requirements of the International Olympic Committee, the so-called “security policies” are implemented at all Olympic Games in the form of detailed instructions for the insuring of the access and object modes of security. In particular, there are detailed regulations of procedures for access of natural persons to Olympic facilities, including persons with disabilities, as well as accommodation security conditions for the so-called client groups. A list of items prohibited to be carried into Olympic facilities is always formed. The procedure for examination of Olympic objects and personnel’s work places is determined. Special control is established in connection with the transfer of firearms, including sporting ones. The issues of doping control safety are regulated individually. Detailed descriptions are also given for the procedure of expulsion from Olympic facilities of persons infringing safety regulations. Engaged forces and facilities As a rule, all persons ensuring security of the Olympic Games undergo special training. An emphasis is put upon the creation and training of unconventional units. Thus, the well-known unconventional units Alpha Group and OMON riot police were created on the eve of the Moscow Olympic Games (USSR, 1980). These units have always performed the most responsible tasks for ensuring the security of the Olympic Games. For instance, during the Athens Olympic Games (Greece, 2004), special anti-terrorist units SAU and DEDD were responsible for the protection of VIP persons, in particular their evacuation to special secret shelters in case of emergency circumstances. |
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